Unit 12: Differences between L1 and L2 learning

Why are learning our native language and an L2 two different processes?

Learning a first language (L1) and a second language (L2) involves different circumstances, brain processes, and outcomes. Here are the key differences:

1. Age of Acquisition

• L1 is learned in early childhood, typically before the age of 5.

• L2 is often learned later in life, after the brain has already developed strong connections to the first language.

2. Natural vs. Formal Learning

• L1 is acquired naturally, through immersion in a language-rich environment (home, caregivers, play).

• L2 is often learned in classroom settings, with formal instruction, grammar rules, and vocabulary lists.

3. Brain Plasticity

• Young children's brains are more neuroplastic, meaning they can easily form new connections and absorb language sounds and structures.

• Older learners have less plasticity, and their brains may rely more on translation or comparison with their L1.

4. Emotional and Cognitive Role

• L1 is closely tied to identity, emotion, and early development—it shapes how we think and express feelings.

• L2 may not have the same emotional depth or automaticity, especially in the early stages.

5. Error Correction and Feedback

• L1 learners receive constant, informal feedback (e.g., modeling, repetition) from caregivers and peers.

• L2 learners often receive explicit correction and have less exposure to natural feedback unless immersed in an L2-speaking environment.

6. Interference from L1

• In L1 acquisition, there’s no interference from another language.

• In L2 learning, the learner’s L1 influences pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary choices, which can cause errors (called language transfer).

7. Ultimate Proficiency

• Almost all native speakers achieve complete fluency and grammatical accuracy in their L1.

• L2 learners vary greatly in their outcomes, and very few achieve native-like proficiency, especially in pronunciation and idiomatic usage.

Observe the differences:

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References:

Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (n. d.). The TKT Course Modules 1, 2 and 3 (2nd ed.). University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations.